nav emailalert searchbtn searchbox tablepage yinyongbenwen piczone journalimg journalInfo journalinfonormal searchdiv searchzone qikanlogo popupnotification paper paperNew
Abstract:

Bladder dysfunction after spinal cord injury(SCI) is one of the most common clinical manifestations. Its pathophysiological changes exhibit stage-specific characteristics, and if not promptly intervened, secondary upper urinary tract damage and renal function compromise may occur, severely affecting patients' quality of life and long-term rehabilitation outcomes. Currently, although some practical experience has been accumulated in the nursing management of bladder dysfunction after SCI, a systematic consensus across the entire disease course is still lacking, making it difficult to achieve stage-specific precise intervention and continuous whole-course management in clinical nursing decision-making. Therefore, the Nursing Subgroup of Spine and Spinal Cord Committee of Chinese Association of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Nursing Subgroup of Orthopaedics Committee of Sichuan Medical Association, the Orthopaedic Nursing Committee of Zhejiang Nursing Association, the Spine Trauma Subgroup of Orthopaedic Surgeons Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association, and the Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation Committee of China Association of Rehabilitation of Disabled Persons have jointly developed this expert consensus on nursing management of bladder dysfunction in patients with SCI. Based on evidence-based medical evidence and combined with clinical experience of experts in relevant fields, this consensus puts forward recommendations on nursing management of bladder dysfunction in patients with SCI to provide reference for clinical practice.

References

[1]李建军,杨明亮,杨德刚,等.创伤性脊柱脊髓损伤评估、治疗与康复专家共识[J].中国康复理论与实践, 2017, 23(3):274-287.

[2]Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M, et al. The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function:report from the Standardisation Sub-committee of the International Continence Society[J]. Neurourol Urodyn, 2002, 21(2):167-178.

[3]Powell CR. Not all neurogenic bladders are the same:a proposal for a new neurogenic bladder classification system[J].Transl Androl Urol, 2016, 5(1):12-21.

[4]Panicker JN. Neurogenic bladder:epidemiology, diagnosis,and management[J]. Semin Neurol, 2020, 40(5):569-579.

[5]Cheng TC, Tseng WC, Chou CL, et al. Complications of different methods of urological management in people with neurogenic bladder secondary to spinal cord injury[J]. J Spinal Cord Med, 2024, 47(2):300-305.

[6]Zhu Z, Zhuo Y, Jin H, et al. Chinese medicine therapies for neurogenic bladder after spinal cord injury:a protocol for systematic review and network meta-analysis[J]. Medicine,2021, 100(37):1-6.

[7]冯加义,夏同霞,王安素.脊髓损伤后膀胱功能障碍干预的研究进展[J].全科护理, 2023, 21(20):2780-2784.

[8]Shea BJ, Reeves BC, Wells G, et al. AMSTAR 2:a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or nonrandomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both[J]. BMJ, 2017, 358:j4008.

[9]Higgins JP, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC, et al. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials[J]. BMJ, 2011, 343:d5928.

[10]Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, et al. GRADE:an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations[J]. BMJ, 2008, 336(7650):924-926.

[11]Kirshblum SC, Burns SP, Biering-Sorensen F, et al. International standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury(revised 2011)[J]. J Spinal Cord Med, 2011, 34(6):535-546.

[12]Leslie SW, Tadi P, Tayyeb M. Neurogenic bladder and neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction[M/OL]//StatPearls.Treasure Island(FL):StatPearls Publishing, 2023[2025-10-23].https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560617/

[13]Hamid R, Averbeck MA, Chiang H, et al. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of neurogenic bladder after spinal cord injury[J]. World J Urol, 2018, 36(10):1517-1527.

[14]Moore KN, Burt J, Voaklander DC. Intermittent catheterization in the rehabilitation setting:a comparison of clean and sterile technique[J]. Clin Rehabil, 2006, 20(6):461-468.

[15]Zhou F, Liu L, Wang Y, et al. Interventional effects of action research combined with bladder function rehabilitation methods for patients with spinal cord injury neurogenic bladder[J]. Medicine, 2025, 104(28):e42929.

[16]Bragge P, Guy S, Boulet M, et al. A systematic review of the content and quality of clinical practice guidelines for management of the neurogenic bladder following spinal cord injury[J]. Spinal Cord, 2019, 57(7):540-549.

[17]Chen YJ, Lo SH, Meng E, et al. Clinical guidelines of patient-centered bladder management of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction due to chronic spinal cord injurypart 1:pathophysiology, treatment strategy, and priority[J].Urol Sci, 2023, 34(1):3-9.

[18]Aude CA, Dishong DM, Menta A, et al. Catheterization method and functional recovery of neurogenic bladder in spinal cord injury[J]. JAMA Netw Open, 2025, 8(7):e2522030.

[19]牛明明,高亚,闫美丽,等.不同导尿方式在神经源性膀胱病人中应用效果的网状meta分析[J].护理研究, 2022, 36(22):3968-3976.

[20]雷梦玲,赵方方,黄成前,等.成年人神经源性膀胱患者间歇性导尿管理的最佳证据总结[J].中国实用护理杂志,2024, 40(27):2135-2142.

[21]中华医学会泌尿外科学分会尿控学组.间歇性导尿临床应用中国专家共识[J].中华泌尿外科杂志, 2024, 45(9):654-657.

[22]Ali S, Khan OS, Youssef AM, et al. Hydrophilic catheters for intermittent catheterization and occurrence of urinary tract infections. A retrospective comparative study in patients with spinal cord injury[J]. BMC Urol, 2024, 24(1):122.

[23]张志军,田正,邓博丹,等.导尿管表面抗菌涂层的构建策略及研究进展[J].中华医学杂志, 2023, 103(4):300-304.

[24]Ye D, Chen Y, Jian Z, et al. Catheters for intermittent catheterization:a systematic review and network meta-analysis[J]. Spinal Cord, 2021, 59(6):587-595.

[25]Molina-Gallego B, Ugarte-Gurrutxaga MI, Molina-Gallego L, et al. Anxiety and depression after spinal cord injury:a cross-sectional study[J]. Healthcare(Basel), 2024, 12(17):1759.

[26]侯灵仙,李若和,柳丽萍,等.脊髓损伤患者康复初期的焦虑抑郁和残疾程度关系研究[J].护理管理杂志, 2021, 21(1):6-9, 14.

[27]Khandelwal A, Shafer LA, Ethans K. Does severity of spinal cord injury predict likelihood of suffering chronically from severe depression and anxiety?[J]. Spinal Cord Ser Cases, 2022, 8(1):58-62.

[28]Almeida Macêdo E, Appenzeller S, Lavras Costallat LT. Assessment of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale(HADS)performance for the diagnosis of anxiety in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus[J]. Rheumatol Int,2017, 37(12):1999-2004.

[29]Yang Z, Huang X, Liu X, et al. Psychometric properties and factor structure of the Chinese version of the hospital anxiety and depression scale in people living with HIV[J].Front Psychiatry, 2019, 10:346.

[30]Cotter R, Burns J, Kaufman K, et al. Effectiveness of behavioral and pharmacologic interventions for depressive symptoms after spinal cord injury:findings from a systematic review[J]. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2024, 105(9):1733-1755.

[31]刘妍妍.焦点解决模式干预策略联合自我护理训练康复护理对SCI患者心理状况、康复效果和生活质量的影响[J].国际护理学杂志, 2024, 43(11):2055-2059.

[32]范敏.心理护理干预对SCI患者运动功能及负性情绪的改善研究[J].中国护理管理, 2015, 15(S1):151-153.

[33]Cuijpers P, Pineda BS, Quero S, et al. Psychological interventions to prevent the onset of depressive disorders:a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials[J]. Clin Psychol Rev, 2021, 83:101955.

[34]Jamshid Malekara N, Larti N, Shirzadi A, et al. Comparing the effects of curvilinear position and micromovement on prevention of intraoperative acquired pressure injuries among patients undergoing surgery in the supine position:a randomized controlled trial[J]. Injury, 2025, 56(6):112327.

[35]边冬梅,孙珂,陈宁波,等.脊柱骨折脱位患者术中翻身操作规范专家共识(2025版)[J].中华创伤杂志, 2025, 41(2):138-147.

[36]Lim V, Mac-Thiong JM, Dionne A, et al. Clinical protocol for identifying and managing bladder dysfunction during acute care after traumatic spinal cord injury[J]. J Neurotrauma, 2021, 38(7):718-724.

[37]Çekmen N, Uslu A, YazarÇ. Perioperative acute kidney injury and anesthesia:a narrative review[J]. J Clin Pract Res,2024, 46(4):311-324.

[38]Som A, Maitra S, Bhattacharjee S, et al. Goal directed fluid therapy decreases postoperative morbidity but not mortality in major non-cardiac surgery:a meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials[J]. J Anesth, 2017, 31(1):66-81.

[39]Vaidyanathan S, Soni B, Hughes P, et al. Preventable longterm complications of suprapubic cystostomy after spinal cord injury:root cause analysis in a representative case report[J]. Patient Saf Surg, 2011, 5(1):27.

[40]Hu HZ, Granger N, Jeffery ND. Pathophysiology, clinical importance, and management of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction caused by suprasacral spinal cord injury[J]. J Vet Intern Med, 2016, 30(5):1575-1588.

[41]Appelbaum RD, Puzio TJ, Bauman Z, et al. Handoffs and transitions of care:a systematic review, meta-analysis, and practice management guideline from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma[J]. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2024, 97(2):305-314.

[42]张金龙,陶冶,包婷婷,等.脊髓损伤住院康复患者尿路感染相关危险因素回顾性分析[J].中国康复医学杂志,2023, 38(7):936-941, 948.

[43]熊世玲,冯晓昭.导尿管维护干预策略在降低患者导尿管相关性尿路感染风险管理中的应用[J].临床医学研究与实践, 2022, 7(9):185-187, 195.

[44]Kreydin E, Welk B, Chung D, et al. Surveillance and management of urologic complications after spinal cord injury[J]. World J Urol, 2018, 36(10):1545-1553.

[45]汤娟,程莉莉,王伟,等.项目管理法在内科重症监护病房导尿管相关尿路感染防控中的临床实践[J].中国感染控制杂志, 2024, 23(7):889-896.

[46]尹依依,韩柳,李学靖,等.导尿管置管患者尿道口低价值护理的范围综述[J].中华现代护理杂志, 2025, 31(6):824-830.

[47]Panicker JN, Fanciulli A, Skoric MK, et al. European Academy of Neurology(EAN)/European Federation of Autonomic Societies(EFAS)/International Neuro-Urology Society(INUS)guidelines for practising neurologists on the assessment and treatment of neurogenic urinary and sexual symptoms(NEUROGED guidelines)[J]. Eur J Neurol,2025, 32(4):e70119.

[48]Alex J, Maneze D, Ramjan LM, et al. Effectiveness of nurse-targeted education interventions on clinical outcomes for patients with indwelling urinary catheters[J]. Nurse Educ Today, 2022, 112:105319.

[49]Neyaz O, Srikumar V, Equebal A, et al. Change in urodynamic pattern and incidence of urinary tract infection in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury practicing clean selfintermittent catheterization[J]. J Spinal Cord Med, 2020, 43(3):347-352.

[50]廖利民,王建业.努力提高我国尿动力学测定质量[J].中华泌尿外科杂志, 2021, 42(6):411-413.

[51]Sinha S. Follow-up urodynamics in patients with neurogenic bladder[J]. Indian J Urol, 2017, 33(4):267-275.

[52]胡海,万青,高培华.超声检查在脊髓损伤引起神经源性膀胱的应用价值[J].实用医技杂志, 2016, 23(10):1095-1096.

[53]Flury I, Mueller G, Perret C. The risk of malnutrition in patients with spinal cord injury during inpatient rehabilitation:a longitudinal cohort study[J]. Front Nutr, 2023, 10:1085638.

[54]Dai JC, Pearle MS. Diet and stone disease in 2022[J]. J Clin Med, 2022, 11(16):4740.

[55]Sober-Williams EK, Lee RHY, Whitehurst DGT, et al.Bowel burdens:a systematic review and meta-analysis examining the relationships between bowel dysfunction and quality of life after spinal cord injury[J]. Spinal Cord, 2024,62(9):495-506.

[56]徐晨阳,周红,孟玲,等.脊髓损伤后神经源性膀胱患者容量管理最佳证据总结[J].护理学杂志, 2024, 39(8):64-69.

[57]Paralyzed Veterans of America. Bladder management for adults with spinal cord injury:clinical practice guideline[M]. Washington, DC:Paralyzed Veterans of America,2021.

[58]Pannek J, Wöllner J. Management of neurogenic bladder in patients with spinal cord injury[J]. Nat Rev Urol, 2017, 14(12):705-714.

[59]Cruz F, Herschorn S, Aliotta P, et al. Efficacy and safety of mirabegron in patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity:a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study[J]. Eur Urol, 2021, 79(3):343-351.

[60]Chen SL, Linsenmeyer TA. Pharmacologic management of neurogenic bladder after spinal cord injury[J]. World J Urol, 2020, 38(12):3127-3135.

[61]廖利民,吴娟,鞠彦合,等.脊髓损伤患者泌尿系管理与临床康复指南[J].中国康复理论与实践, 2013, 19(4):301-317.

[62]刘敏,孙玉勤,延敏博,等.多学科协作模式在卒中后神经源性膀胱患者管理中的应用[J/OL].中华腔镜泌尿外科杂志(电子版), 2021, 15(5):431-435.

[63]张彩芳,姚宏涛,任冬弓.间歇导尿技术联合膀胱功能锻炼对神经源性膀胱患者排尿功能重建的意义[J].国际泌尿系统杂志, 2025, 45(6):87-91.

[64]郑利霞.早期康复护理干预对脊髓损伤后神经源性膀胱患者功能恢复及生活质量的影响[J/OL].现代医学与健康研究电子杂志, 2025, 9(14):42-45.

[65]Lombardo A, Siapno A, Musto M, et al. Best practice and algorithm for intermittent catheterization(IC)in neurogenic bladder(NGB)[J]. Curr Bladder Dysfunct Rep, 2025,20(18):1-13.

[66]Cameron AP, Wallner LP, Tate DG, et al. Bladder management after spinal cord injury in the United States 1972 to2005[J]. J Urol, 2010, 184(1):213-217.

[67]龚德,王颖敏,钟丽容,等.神经源性膀胱功能障碍评估与管理相关指南的整合研究[J].护理学报, 2021, 28(3):27-33.

[68]Weld KJ, Graney MJ, Dmochowski RR. Differences in bladder compliance with time and associations of bladder management with compliance in spinal cord injured patients[J]. J Urol, 2000, 163(4):1228-1233.

[69]Parittotokkaporn S, Varghese C, O'Grady G, et al. Transcutaneous electrical stimulation for neurogenic bladder dysfunction following spinal cord injury:meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials[J]. Neuromodulation, 2021, 24(7):1237-1246.

[70]陈多妹,李若. AIDET沟通联合3D打印仿真模型健康教育在脊髓损伤自我间歇导尿患者中的应用[J].中华现代护理杂志, 2025, 31(29):4025-4029.

[71]张鹤立,胡娴静,戴宏乐,等.康复期神经源性膀胱患者结构化教育课程的构建[J].中华现代护理杂志, 2024, 30(25):3416-3423.

[72]Sari C, DemirbağBC. Investigation of anxiety levels in caregivers who perform clean intermittent catheterization on their children and affecting factors[J]. Neurourol Urodyn, 2024, 43(3):738-747.

[73]苏豫囡,李方方,张新艳,等.视频微课健康教育模式在脊髓损伤高位截瘫患者居家照顾者中的应用效果[J].国际护理学杂志, 2022, 41(11):1986-1989.

[74]Aras N,Çalışkan N, Yılmaz B. The effects of clean intermittent catheterization training with a mobile application on quality of life and compliance in spinal cord injury patients:a single blind randomized controlled study[J]. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2026, 107(5):809-819.

[75]谢婧,金倩.基于沟通达标理论的护理干预结合多形式健康教育在神经源性膀胱患者间歇导尿中的应用效果[J].临床医学研究与实践, 2025, 10(3):127-130.

[76]Culha Y, Acaroglu R. The effect of video-assisted clean intermittent catheterization training on patients'practical skills and self-confidence[J]. Int Neurourol J, 2022, 26(4):331-341.

[77]Wagner A, Brach M, Scheel-Sailer A, et al. Use of professional home care in persons with spinal cord injury in Switzerland:a cross-sectional study[J]. BMC Health Serv Res,2023, 23(1):1393-1402.

[78]Xiang L, Li H, Xie QQ, et al. Rehabilitation care of patients with neurogenic bladder after spinal cord injury[J].World J Clin Cases, 2023, 11(1):57-64.

[79]Yildiz N, Ersoz M, Ones K, et al. Intermittent catheterization in spinal cord injury patients:training and follow-up outcomes[J]. Spinal Cord Ser Cases, 2023, 9(1):18.

[80]Filip M, Cucu AI, Vasile CM, et al. The efficiency of rehabilitation therapy in patients diagnosed with neurogenic bladder:a systematic review[J]. Medicina, 2024, 60(7):1152.

[81]Ginsberg DA, Boone TB, Cameron AP, et al. The AUA/SUFU guideline on adult neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction:treatment and follow-up[J]. J Urol, 2021, 206(5):1106-1113.

[82]赵宁,魏岚,岳慧玉,等.清单式出院准备服务在脊髓损伤康复护理中的应用价值[J].中医正骨, 2022, 34(7):75-79.

[83]姜晓利,彭海波,许凌烽,等.家庭医生签约服务背景下签约居民基层首诊效果评价研究[J].中国全科医学, 2024,27(10):1231-1237.

[84]余雪梅,李威,曾红,等.“互联网+康复”管理对不完全性脊髓损伤患者神经源性膀胱功能的影响[J].四川医学,2023, 44(7):738-742.

[85]Tang X, Liu Q, Su X, et al. Effects of a self-efficacycentered self-management program on neurogenic bladder after spinal cord injury:a randomized controlled trial[J].Jpn J Nurs Sci, 2025, 22(1):e12642.

[86]Ciardi G, Pradelli L, Contini A, et al. New remote care models in patients with spinal cord injury:a systematic review of the literature[J]. Appl Sci, 2025, 15(14):7888.

[87]Li D, Sun CL, Kim H, et al. Geriatric assessment-driven intervention(GAIN)on chemotherapy-related toxic effects in older adults with cancer:a randomized clinical trial[J].JAMA Oncol, 2021, 7(11):e214158.

[88]郝雨晴,胡慧秀,赵雅洁,等.老年人社交活动与认知功能关系的研究进展及护理启示[J].中华护理杂志, 2025, 60(2):251-256.

[89]郑华涛,王世强,李丹,等.老年人身体活动变化轨迹与衰弱的关联研究[J].中国全科医学, 2026, 29(3):316-324.

[90]Przydacz M, Chlosta P, Corcos J. Recommendations for urological follow-up of patients with neurogenic bladder secondary to spinal cord injury[J]. Int Urol Nephrol, 2018,50(6):1005-1016.

[91]蒋芙蓉,李细珍,谢婵娟.医联体模式“互联网+”延伸服务在预防脊髓损伤泌尿系并发症中的应用[J].现代医药卫生, 2022, 38(19):3380-3382.

[92]Fitzpatrick MA, Solanki P, Wirth M, et al. Knowledge, perceptions, and beliefs about urinary tract infections in persons with neurogenic bladder and impacts on interventions to promote person-centered care[J]. Spinal Cord, 2024, 62(5):221-227.

[93]Braithwaite E, Todd OM, Atkin A, et al. Interventions for reducing anticholinergic medication burden in older adults:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Age Ageing,2023, 52(9):afad176.

[94]何满兰,袁萍,何磊,等.神经源性膀胱患者尿路感染危险因素的meta分析[J].中国全科医学, 2023, 26(21):2659-2665.

[95]Paudel S, John PP, Poorbaghi SL, et al. Systematic review of literature examining bacterial urinary tract infections in diabetes[J]. J Diabetes Res, 2022, 2022(1):3588297.

[96]Silva NA, Sousa N, Reis RL, et al. From basics to clinical:a comprehensive review on spinal cord injury[J]. Prog Neurobiol, 2014, 114:25-57.

[97]Dinh A, Hallouin-Bernard MC, Davido B, et al. Weekly sequential antibioprophylaxis for recurrent urinary tract infections among patients with neurogenic bladder:a randomized controlled trial[J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2020, 71(12):3128-3135.

[98]Floríndez LI, Carlson ME, Pyatak E, et al. A qualitative analysis of pressure injury development among medically underserved adults with spinal cord injury[J]. Disabil Rehabil, 2020, 42(15):2093-2099.

[99]林娟,李勇强,王雪,等.脊髓损伤患者康复期皮肤损伤发生率及危险因素的回顾性研究[J].中华物理医学与康复杂志, 2023, 45(11):1012-1016.

[100]Fisher R, Na M, Gustafson K. Nursing management of the patient with acute traumatic spinal cord injury[M]//Mei N,Malinowski-Falk L, Lang AM, et al, eds. Nursing management of the neurosurgical patient:an interprofessional approach. St Louis:Elsevier, 2025:109-117.

[101]Malmqvist L, Biering-Sørensen T, Bartholdy K, et al. Assessment of autonomic function after acute spinal cord injury using heart rate variability analyses[J]. Spinal Cord,2015, 53(1):54-58.

[102]Tsai P, Khatun M, Geraghty TJ, et al. Poster 512 vascular and infection related spinal cord injuries:comparison of neurological and functional outcome against trauma related injuries after in-patient rehabilitation[J]. PM R, 2012,4:S365-S366.

[103]王雪,聂恒卓,刘海平. OTO模式对社区老年2型糖尿病患者血糖控制水平及自我管理行为能力的影响[J].中国全科医学, 2023, 26(1):74-81.

[104]Hossain MS, Harvey LA, Islam MS, et al. A communitybased intervention to prevent serious complications and death 2 years after discharge in people with spinal cord injury in Bangladesh(CIVIC):a randomised trial[J]. Spinal Cord, 2021, 59(6):649-658.

[105]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clinical safety:preventing catheter-associated urinary tract infections(CAUTIs)[EB/OL].(2025-06-27)[2025-10-23]. https://www.cdc.gov/uti/hcp/clinical-safety/index.html.

[106]Muscat DC, Sciortino M, Tartari E. Healthcare professionals'knowledge, attitudes, and practices in preventing catheter-associated urinary tract infections:a crosssectional study in a rehabilitation facility[J]. Infect Prev Pract, 2025, 7(1):100438-100447.

[107]Skelton-Dudley F, Doan J, Suda K, et al. Spinal cord injury creates unique challenges in diagnosis and management of catheter-associated urinary tract infection[J]. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil, 2019, 25(4):331-339.

[108]豆娟,陈蓓蓓,金枝,等.目标性监测联合会阴冲洗在降低导尿管相关尿路感染率中的临床应用[J].全科医学临床与教育, 2024, 22(4):378-380.

[109]Lo E, Nicolle L, Classen D, et al. Strategies to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infections in acute care hospitals[J]. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2008, 29(Suppl 1):S41-S50.

[110]Meddings J, Patel PK, Advani SD, et al. Strategies to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infections in acutecare hospitals:2022 update[J]. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2023, 44(8):1209-1231.

[111]Institute for Safe Medication Practices. 2022-2023 ISMP targeted medication safety best practices for hospitals[R/OL].(2022-02-10)[2026-07-24]. https://www. ismp. org/resources/three-new-best-practices-2022-2023-targetedmedication-safety-best-practices-hospitals.

[112]Huang M, Hu X, Li S, et al. Quality improvement in bladder management for spinal cord injury using an electronic monitoring system[J]. J Clin Nurs, 2023, 32(5-6):1458-1468.

Basic Information:

China Classification Code:R473.6

Citation Information:

[1]Nursing Subgroup of Spine and Spinal Cord Committee of Chinese Association of Rehabilitation Medicine,Nursing Subgroup of Orthopaedic Committee of Sichuan Medical Association,Spine Trauma Group of the Orthopedic Branch of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association ,et al.Expert consensus on the nursing management of bladder dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury(2026 edition)[J].Chinese Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery().

Fund Information:

国家重点研发计划(2023YFC3604405,2024YFC3607000); 第四批宁波市临床医学研究中心及重大攻关项目(2024L004)

Published:  

2026-10-12

Publication Date:  

2026-10-12

Online:  

2026-10-12

quote

GB/T 7714-2015
MLA
APA
Search Advanced Search